miércoles, 17 de agosto de 2011

Intervocalic alveolar flapping

Intervocalic alveolar flapping


Intervocalic alveolar flapping is a phonological process found in many dialects of English, especially North American English and Australian English, by which either or both prevocalic (preceding a vowel) /t/ and /d/ surface as the alveolar tap [ɾ] after sonorants other than /ŋ/, /m/, and (in some environments) /l/.
  • after vowel: butter
  • after r: barter
  • after l: faculty (but not immediately post-tonic: alter → al[tʰ]er, not *al[ɾ]er)
Homophonous pairs 
In many accents, such words as riding and writing continue to be distinguished by the preceding vowel: though the consonant distinction is neutralized, the underlying voice distinction continues to select the allophone of the /aɪ/ phoneme preceding it. Thus for many North Americans, riding is [ɹaɪɾɪŋ][citation needed] while writing is [ɹɐɪɾɪŋ].[citation needed] Vowel duration may also be different, with a longer vowel before tap realisations of /d/ than before tap realisations of /t/. At the phonetic level, the contrast between /t/ and /d/ may be maintained by these non-local cues, though as the cues are quite subtle, they may not be acquired/perceived by others. A merger of /t, d/ can then be said to have occurred.[citation needed]
The cluster [nt] can also be flapped/tapped; the IPA symbol for a nasal tap is [ɾ̃]. As a result, in quick speech, words like winner and winter can become homophonous. Flapping/tapping does not occur for most speakers in words like 'carpenter' and 'ninety', which instead surface with [d].[2]
A similar process also occurs in other languages, such as Western Apache (and other Southern Athabaskan languages). In Western Apache, intervocalic /t/ similarly is realized as [ɾ] in intervocalic position. This process occurs even over word boundaries. However, tapping is blocked when /t/ is the initial consonant of a stem (in other words tapping occurs only when /t/ is stem-internal or in a prefix). Unlike English, tapping is not affected by suprasegmentals (in other words stress or tone).


Homophonous pairs 
/-t-, -nt-/↓/-d-, -n-/↓Relevant rhyme↓Notes↓
atomAdam/ˈæɾəm/
batterbadder/ˈbæɾə(ɹ)/
banterbanner/ˈbæɾ̃ə(ɹ)/
beatingbeading/ˈbiːɾɪŋ/
bettingbedding/ˈbɛɾɪŋ/
bitterbidder/ˈbɪɾə(ɹ)/
boatingboding/ˈboʊɾɪŋ, ˈboːɾɪŋ/
buttingbudding/ˈbʌɾɪŋ/
cattycaddy/ˈkæɾi/
centersinner/ˈsɪɾ̃ə(ɹ)/With pen-pin merger.
citedsided/ˈsaɪɾɪd/
coatingcoding/ˈkoʊɾɪŋ, ˈkoːɾɪŋ/
cuttlecuddle/ˈkʌɾəl/
debtordeader/ˈdɛɾə(ɹ)/
futilefeudal/ˈfjuːɾəl, ˈf(j)ɪuːɾəl/
greatergrader/ˈɡɾeɪɾə(ɹ), ˈɡɾeːɾə(ɹ)/
heartyhardy/ˈhɑː(ɹ)ɾi/
heatedheeded/ˈhiːɾɪd/
hurtingherding/ˈhɜː(ɹ)ɾɪŋ/
inter-inner/ˈɪɾ̃ə(ɹ)/
jointingjoining/ˈdʒɔɪɾ̃ɪŋ/
kittykiddie/ˈkɪɾi/
ladderlatter/ˈlæɾə(ɹ)/
literleader/ˈliːɾə(ɹ)/
mantamanna/ˈmæɾ̃ə/
mattermadder/ˈmæɾə(ɹ)/
meant itminute/ˈmɪɾ̃ɪt/With pen-pin merger.
metalmedal/ˈmɛɾəl/
metalmeddle/ˈmɛɾəl/
mettlemedal/ˈmɛɾəl/
mettlemeddle/ˈmɛɾəl/
mintymany/ˈmɪɾ̃i/With pen-pin merger.
mintymini/ˈmɪɾ̃i/
mintyMinnie/ˈmɪɾ̃i/
neuternuder/ˈn(j)uːɾə(ɹ), ˈn(j)ɪuɾə(ɹ)/
otterodder/ˈɒɾə(ɹ)/
paintingpaining/ˈpeɪɾ̃ɪŋ/
pattypaddy/ˈpæɾi/
petalpedal/ˈpɛɾəl/
petalpeddle/ˈpɛɾəl/
pettlepedal/ˈpɛɾəl/
pettlepeddle/ˈpɛɾəl/
planterplanner/ˈplæɾ̃ə(ɹ)/
pottedpodded/ˈpɒɾɪd/
ratedraided/ˈɹeɪɾɪd/
rightingriding/ˈraɪɾɪŋ/
routerruder/ˈɹuːɾə(ɹ)/
Saturdaysadder day/ˈsæɾə(ɹ)deɪ/
seatingseeding/ˈsiːɾɪŋ/
sent itsenate/ˈsɛɾ̃ɪt/
set itsaid it/ˈsɛɾɪt/
shuttershudder/ˈʃʌɾə(ɹ)/
sightedsided/ˈsaɪɾɪd/
sitedsided/ˈsaɪɾɪd/
titletidal/ˈtaɪɾəl/
traitortrader/ˈtreɪɾə(ɹ)/
Tudortutor/ˈt(j)uːɾə(ɹ), ˈt(j)ɪuɾə(ɹ)/
waiterwader/ˈweɪɾə(ɹ)/
wettingwedding/ˈwɛɾɪŋ/
winterwinner/ˈwɪɾ̃ə(ɹ)/
whiterwider/ˈwaɪɾə(ɹ)/With wine-whine merger.
writingriding/ˈraɪɾɪŋ/


  1. Sara Went Shopping 

Sara Smith, a Pasadena resident, went shopping. She is thirty, and has lived at thirty thirty-seven North Foothill Street since nineteen ninety-two. Sara has been married to John for seven years. They have two children; Bob is five years old and Nancy is three. Sara owns a nineteen ninety-five four-door blue Toyota. At nine a.m., Sara got into her car and drove to Barget, a department store a mile away.
Barget was having a holiday sale. Sara bought a four-slice toaster for twenty-nine ninety-five plus tax. The regular price was thirty-five ninety-five. She paid by check. On her way home, Sara stopped at MilkPlus to buy a gallon of nonfat milk. The milk was three dollars fifty cents. Sara got fifty cents back in change.
Sara arrived home at ten a.m. John and the kids were still sleeping. She woke them up and then made a hot and nutritious breakfast for everyone. 




2. Man Injured at Fast Food Place

A seventy-nine-year-old man was slightly injured on Saturday while waiting in his brand new convertible in a drive-through lane at Burger Prince restaurant. Herman Sherman of Northville suffered a mild burn about nine p.m. when a young female employee accidentally spilled a cup of coffee into his lap. Sherman said the coffee was hot but not scalding.
He refused medical aid, saying the only problem was the stain on his slacks, but it would wash out. He was given a fresh refill. Before Sherman drove off, the restaurant manager, John Johnson, gave him two free gift certificates--one for an extra-large coffee and one for the restaurant's newest sandwich, the McRap.
The employee, who was a new hire, was let go later that evening. She was quite upset. She said she would probably sue Burger Prince for letting her go. She said it was the man's fault for ordering something that she might be able to spill.



http://www.rong-chang.com/qa2/stories/story002.htm

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