American English Pronunciation :: IPA - Consonants
viernes, 26 de agosto de 2011
Assimilation in English
from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)
Assimilation is a common phonological process by which the sound of the ending of one word blends into the sound of the beginning of the following word. This occurs when the parts of the mouth and vocal cords start to form the beginning sounds of the next word before the last sound has been completed. An example of this would be 'hot potato'. The (t) in 'hot' is dropped as the lips prepare for the (p) sound for 'potato' (Bloomer et, 2005).
Assimilation can be synchronic being an active process in a language at a given point in time or diachronic being a historical sound change.
A related process is coarticulation where one segment influences another to produce an allophonic variation, such as vowels acquiring the feature nasal before nasal consonants when the velum opens prematurely or /b/ becoming labialised as in "boot". This article will describe both processes under the term, assimilation.
Types of assimilation:
From: http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html#as01
Assimilation is a common phonological process by which the sound of the ending of one word blends into the sound of the beginning of the following word. This occurs when the parts of the mouth and vocal cords start to form the beginning sounds of the next word before the last sound has been completed. An example of this would be 'hot potato'. The (t) in 'hot' is dropped as the lips prepare for the (p) sound for 'potato' (Bloomer et, 2005).
Assimilation can be synchronic being an active process in a language at a given point in time or diachronic being a historical sound change.
A related process is coarticulation where one segment influences another to produce an allophonic variation, such as vowels acquiring the feature nasal before nasal consonants when the velum opens prematurely or /b/ becoming labialised as in "boot". This article will describe both processes under the term, assimilation.
Types of assimilation:
From: http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html#as01
- / t / changes to / p / before / m / / b / or / p /
- / d / changes to / b / before / m / / b / or / p /
- / n / changes to / m / before / m / / b / or / p /
- / t / changes to / k / before / k / or /g/
- / d / changes to / g / before / k / or / g /
- / n / changes to /ŋ/ before / k / or / g /
- / s / changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/ or / j /
- / z / changes to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/ or / j /
- /θ/ changes to / s / before / s /
/ t / changes to / p / before / m / / b / or / p /
| basket maker | mixed bag |
| best man | mixed blessing |
| cat burglar | mixed marriage |
| cigarette paper | mixed metaphor |
| circuit board | pocket money |
| coconut butter | post mortem |
| court martial | pot plant |
| direct method | private property |
| dust bowl | put back |
| fast motion | put by |
| first base | right pair |
| flight plan | secret police |
| foot brake | set point |
| front bench | set back |
| front man | set piece |
| fruit machine | sheet metal |
| Great Britain | sit back |
| harvest moon | soft porn |
| hatchet man | split pea |
| hit man | split personality |
| hot metal | street piano |
| hot money | sweet basil |
| last post | sweet pea |
| Left Bank | sweet pepper |
| light bulb | sweet potato |
| light music | test ban |
| light meter | test match |
| light middleweight | test paper |
| market price | that man |
| midnight blue | unit price |
| mint bush | wet blanket |
| private bill | white bag |
| private member | white birch |
| private patient | white meat |
| private parts | white paper |
| private practice |
/ d / changes to / b / before / m / / b / or / p /
| bad pain | good cook |
| blood bank | good morning |
| blood bath | grand master |
| blood brother | ground plan |
| blood poisoning | head boy |
| blood pressure | hold back |
| blood pudding | lord mayor |
| broad bean | mud bath |
| card punch | mud pie |
| closed book | Old Bailey |
| command module | old boy |
| command post | old man |
| custard pie | old maid |
| custard powder | old moon |
| dead beat | Oxford blue |
| food poisoning | red bag |
| food processor | second mate |
| gold plate | sound barrier |
| gold medal | stand by |
| gold mine | united party |
| good man | word blindness |
/ n / changes to / m / before / m / / b / or / p /
| action planning | iron man |
| American plan | on me |
| brown paper | one pair |
| brown bear | open book |
| chicken breast | open market |
| Common Market | open prison |
| con man | pen pal |
| cotton belt | pin money |
| cotton picker | queen bee |
| down payment | queen mother |
| fan belt | question mark |
| fan mail | roman mile |
| Foreign minister | sun bath |
| Foreign mission | sun blind |
| garden party | tin plate |
| green belt | town planning |
| green bean | venetian blind |
| hen party | virgin birth |
| human being | wine box |
| in blue | wine bar |
| iron maiden |
/ t / changes to / k / before / k / or /g/
| cigarette card | short cut |
| credit card | smart card |
| cut glass | street credibility |
| fat girl | street cry |
| first class | that cake |
| flat cap |
/ d / changes to / g / before / k / or / g /
| bad girl | hard cash |
| bird call | hard copy |
| closed game | hard core |
| cold call | hard court |
| cold cream | highland cattle |
| field glasses | red carpet |
| good cook | sand castle |
| Grand Canyon | second class |
| ground control | second coming |
| ground cover | second cousin |
| had come | slide guitar |
| had gone |
/ n / changes to /ŋ/ before / k / or / g /
| action group | open court |
| common good | roman calendar |
| common ground | roman candle |
| garden cress | roman catholic |
| golden gate | tin can |
| golden goose | tone control |
| human capital | town clerk |
| in camera | town crier |
| iron curtain |
/ s / changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/ or / j / followed by a rounded vowel sound
| bus shelter | nice yacht |
| dress shop | space shuttle |
| nice shoes |
/ z / changes to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/ or / j / followed by a rounded vowel sound
| cheese shop | where's yours? |
| rose show | |
| these sheep |
/θ/ changes to / s / before / s /
| bath salts | earth science | |||||||||||||||||||||
| bath seat | fifth set | |||||||||||||||||||||
| birth certificate | fourth season | |||||||||||||||||||||
| both sexes | fourth summer | |||||||||||||||||||||
| both sides | north-south divide - Tell her sounds like teller - Was he there: Wazy there - .,;:- do not permet linking - At first he never came: at firsti never Reduction:it is done in unstressed words: Function words: Prepositions, conjunctions, articles, helping verbs. Note: Stressed words: Content words: Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Helping verbs: has, have, had What have you done? wadev you done Linking Words TogetherTo speak English fluently, it’s necessary to link words together. Linking or liaison means to connect the last consonant sound in one word to the first sound of the next word. There are two situations in which we regularly use linking. Firstly, when a word begins with a vowel sound, it’s often pronounced as if it began with the final consonant sound of the previous word, e.g.:
|
viernes, 19 de agosto de 2011
Past Tense Pronunciation
Past Tense Regular Verb Pronunciation
Group A
Voiceless sound: – p – k – s – ch – sh – f – x – h - pronounce ED as “T”
Example: Ask, asked = ask(T)
Ed as “T”
asked
baked
brushed
cooked
cracked
crashed
danced (da:ns) + t
dressed
dropped
escaped
finished
fixed
guessed
helped
hoped
hiked
joked
jumped
knocked
kissed
laughed (læf) + t
locked
looked
missed
mixed
packed
passed
picked
pressed
pushed
pronounced
relaxed
slipped
smoked
stopped
shopped
talked
typed
walked
washed
watched
worked
baked
brushed
cooked
cracked
crashed
danced (da:ns) + t
dressed
dropped
escaped
finished
fixed
guessed
helped
hoped
hiked
joked
jumped
knocked
kissed
laughed (læf) + t
locked
looked
missed
mixed
packed
passed
picked
pressed
pushed
pronounced
relaxed
slipped
smoked
stopped
shopped
talked
typed
walked
washed
watched
worked
Group B
Voiced sound : – l – v – n – m – r – b – v – g – w – y – z – and vowel sounds (diphthongs) pronounce ED as “D”
Example: Allow, allowed = allow(D)
Ed as “D”
advised (ad’vaiz) + d
agreed
allowed
answered
appeared
arrived
believed
belonged
burned
called
carried
changed
cleaned
closed
covered
cried
damaged
described
died
dried
earned
encouraged
enjoyed
entered
explained
explored
filled
followed
happened
interviewed
imagined
jailed
killed
listened
lived
loved
measured
moved
opened
planned
played
performed
pulled
realized
remembered
rained
repaired
saved
shared
shaved
showed
signed
slammed
stayed
snowed
studied
tried
traveled
turned
used
welcomed
whispered
worried
yawned
agreed
allowed
answered
appeared
arrived
believed
belonged
burned
called
carried
changed
cleaned
closed
covered
cried
damaged
described
died
dried
earned
encouraged
enjoyed
entered
explained
explored
filled
followed
happened
interviewed
imagined
jailed
killed
listened
lived
loved
measured
moved
opened
planned
played
performed
pulled
realized
remembered
rained
repaired
saved
shared
shaved
showed
signed
slammed
stayed
snowed
studied
tried
traveled
turned
used
welcomed
whispered
worried
yawned
Group C: T or D pronounce ED as “ID”
Example: Need, needed = need(id)
Ed as “ID”
accepted
afforded
attended
arrested
collected
contacted
counted
decided
defended
demanded
divided
ended
expanded
expected
exported
flooded
graduated
hated
hunted
included
invited
invented
landed
needed
painted
planted
printed
presented
pretended
protected
provided
rented
repeated
reported
respected
rested
scolded
skated
started
shouted
treated
visited
waited
wanted
wasted
afforded
attended
arrested
collected
contacted
counted
decided
defended
demanded
divided
ended
expanded
expected
exported
flooded
graduated
hated
hunted
included
invited
invented
landed
needed
painted
planted
printed
presented
pretended
protected
provided
rented
repeated
reported
respected
rested
scolded
skated
started
shouted
treated
visited
waited
wanted
wasted
Homorganic consonants
Homorganic consonants (from homo- "same" and organ "(speech) organ") is a phonetics term for consonant sounds which are articulated in the same position or place of articulation in the mouth, such as [m], [p], [b] (pronounced with both lips), or [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l] (pronounced by touching the tip of the tongue to the upper gums). Consonants which are not articulated in the same place are called heterorganic.
Transciption exercise
Capability
/ ˈkeɪpəˈbɪləti/
/sɪkoloʒikəl/
ləɪʃʊɾ
/sæɪntist/
sæins
sɪkoloʒi
/ ˈkeɪpəˈbɪləti/
/sɪkoloʒikəl/
/ saɪkəlɑdʒɪkəl/
ləɪʃʊɾ
/ liʒər/
/sæɪntist/
/ saɪəntəst /
sæins
/ saɪəns/
sɪkoloʒi
/saɪkɑlədʒi/
Change 1 /tʃeɪndʒ/
/dɪpɑrtmənt /
miércoles, 17 de agosto de 2011
Intervocalic alveolar flapping
Intervocalic alveolar flapping
- after vowel: butter
- after r: barter
- after l: faculty (but not immediately post-tonic: alter → al[tʰ]er, not *al[ɾ]er)
Homophonous pairs
In many accents, such words as riding and writing continue to be distinguished by the preceding vowel: though the consonant distinction is neutralized, the underlying voice distinction continues to select the allophone of the /aɪ/ phoneme preceding it. Thus for many North Americans, riding is [ɹaɪɾɪŋ][citation needed] while writing is [ɹɐɪɾɪŋ].[citation needed] Vowel duration may also be different, with a longer vowel before tap realisations of /d/ than before tap realisations of /t/. At the phonetic level, the contrast between /t/ and /d/ may be maintained by these non-local cues, though as the cues are quite subtle, they may not be acquired/perceived by others. A merger of /t, d/ can then be said to have occurred.[citation needed]The cluster [nt] can also be flapped/tapped; the IPA symbol for a nasal tap is [ɾ̃]. As a result, in quick speech, words like winner and winter can become homophonous. Flapping/tapping does not occur for most speakers in words like 'carpenter' and 'ninety', which instead surface with [d].[2]
A similar process also occurs in other languages, such as Western Apache (and other Southern Athabaskan languages). In Western Apache, intervocalic /t/ similarly is realized as [ɾ] in intervocalic position. This process occurs even over word boundaries. However, tapping is blocked when /t/ is the initial consonant of a stem (in other words tapping occurs only when /t/ is stem-internal or in a prefix). Unlike English, tapping is not affected by suprasegmentals (in other words stress or tone).
Homophonous pairs
/-t-, -nt-/ | /-d-, -n-/ | Relevant rhyme | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| atom | Adam | /ˈæɾəm/ | |
| batter | badder | /ˈbæɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| banter | banner | /ˈbæɾ̃ə(ɹ)/ | |
| beating | beading | /ˈbiːɾɪŋ/ | |
| betting | bedding | /ˈbɛɾɪŋ/ | |
| bitter | bidder | /ˈbɪɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| boating | boding | /ˈboʊɾɪŋ, ˈboːɾɪŋ/ | |
| butting | budding | /ˈbʌɾɪŋ/ | |
| catty | caddy | /ˈkæɾi/ | |
| center | sinner | /ˈsɪɾ̃ə(ɹ)/ | With pen-pin merger. |
| cited | sided | /ˈsaɪɾɪd/ | |
| coating | coding | /ˈkoʊɾɪŋ, ˈkoːɾɪŋ/ | |
| cuttle | cuddle | /ˈkʌɾəl/ | |
| debtor | deader | /ˈdɛɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| futile | feudal | /ˈfjuːɾəl, ˈf(j)ɪuːɾəl/ | |
| greater | grader | /ˈɡɾeɪɾə(ɹ), ˈɡɾeːɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| hearty | hardy | /ˈhɑː(ɹ)ɾi/ | |
| heated | heeded | /ˈhiːɾɪd/ | |
| hurting | herding | /ˈhɜː(ɹ)ɾɪŋ/ | |
| inter- | inner | /ˈɪɾ̃ə(ɹ)/ | |
| jointing | joining | /ˈdʒɔɪɾ̃ɪŋ/ | |
| kitty | kiddie | /ˈkɪɾi/ | |
| ladder | latter | /ˈlæɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| liter | leader | /ˈliːɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| manta | manna | /ˈmæɾ̃ə/ | |
| matter | madder | /ˈmæɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| meant it | minute | /ˈmɪɾ̃ɪt/ | With pen-pin merger. |
| metal | medal | /ˈmɛɾəl/ | |
| metal | meddle | /ˈmɛɾəl/ | |
| mettle | medal | /ˈmɛɾəl/ | |
| mettle | meddle | /ˈmɛɾəl/ | |
| minty | many | /ˈmɪɾ̃i/ | With pen-pin merger. |
| minty | mini | /ˈmɪɾ̃i/ | |
| minty | Minnie | /ˈmɪɾ̃i/ | |
| neuter | nuder | /ˈn(j)uːɾə(ɹ), ˈn(j)ɪuɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| otter | odder | /ˈɒɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| painting | paining | /ˈpeɪɾ̃ɪŋ/ | |
| patty | paddy | /ˈpæɾi/ | |
| petal | pedal | /ˈpɛɾəl/ | |
| petal | peddle | /ˈpɛɾəl/ | |
| pettle | pedal | /ˈpɛɾəl/ | |
| pettle | peddle | /ˈpɛɾəl/ | |
| planter | planner | /ˈplæɾ̃ə(ɹ)/ | |
| potted | podded | /ˈpɒɾɪd/ | |
| rated | raided | /ˈɹeɪɾɪd/ | |
| righting | riding | /ˈraɪɾɪŋ/ | |
| router | ruder | /ˈɹuːɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| Saturday | sadder day | /ˈsæɾə(ɹ)deɪ/ | |
| seating | seeding | /ˈsiːɾɪŋ/ | |
| sent it | senate | /ˈsɛɾ̃ɪt/ | |
| set it | said it | /ˈsɛɾɪt/ | |
| shutter | shudder | /ˈʃʌɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| sighted | sided | /ˈsaɪɾɪd/ | |
| sited | sided | /ˈsaɪɾɪd/ | |
| title | tidal | /ˈtaɪɾəl/ | |
| traitor | trader | /ˈtreɪɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| Tudor | tutor | /ˈt(j)uːɾə(ɹ), ˈt(j)ɪuɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| waiter | wader | /ˈweɪɾə(ɹ)/ | |
| wetting | wedding | /ˈwɛɾɪŋ/ | |
| winter | winner | /ˈwɪɾ̃ə(ɹ)/ | |
| whiter | wider | /ˈwaɪɾə(ɹ)/ | With wine-whine merger. |
| writing | riding | /ˈraɪɾɪŋ/ |
- Sara Went Shopping
Sara Smith, a Pasadena resident, went shopping. She is thirty, and has lived at thirty thirty-seven North Foothill Street since nineteen ninety-two. Sara has been married to John for seven years. They have two children; Bob is five years old and Nancy is three. Sara owns a nineteen ninety-five four-door blue Toyota. At nine a.m., Sara got into her car and drove to Barget, a department store a mile away.
Barget was having a holiday sale. Sara bought a four-slice toaster for twenty-nine ninety-five plus tax. The regular price was thirty-five ninety-five. She paid by check. On her way home, Sara stopped at MilkPlus to buy a gallon of nonfat milk. The milk was three dollars fifty cents. Sara got fifty cents back in change.
Sara arrived home at ten a.m. John and the kids were still sleeping. She woke them up and then made a hot and nutritious breakfast for everyone.
2. Man Injured at Fast Food Place
A seventy-nine-year-old man was slightly injured on Saturday while waiting in his brand new convertible in a drive-through lane at Burger Prince restaurant. Herman Sherman of Northville suffered a mild burn about nine p.m. when a young female employee accidentally spilled a cup of coffee into his lap. Sherman said the coffee was hot but not scalding.
He refused medical aid, saying the only problem was the stain on his slacks, but it would wash out. He was given a fresh refill. Before Sherman drove off, the restaurant manager, John Johnson, gave him two free gift certificates--one for an extra-large coffee and one for the restaurant's newest sandwich, the McRap.
The employee, who was a new hire, was let go later that evening. She was quite upset. She said she would probably sue Burger Prince for letting her go. She said it was the man's fault for ordering something that she might be able to spill.
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